imperial five punishments of feudal China, up to Han times: tattooing characters on the forehead 墨[mò], cutting off the nose 劓[yì], amputation of one or both feet 刖[yuè], castration 宮|宫[gōng], execution 大辟[dà​pì]; Han dynasty onwards: whipping 笞[chī], beating the legs and buttocks with rough thorns 杖[zhàng], forced labor 徒[tú], exile or banishment 流[liú], capital punishment 死[sǐ]